Environmental engineering science / William W. Nazaroff and Lisa Alvarez-Cohen.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1.A What Is Environmental Engineering Science? 1 -- 1.B Domains of Environmental Engineering 5 -- 1.B.1 Water quality engineering 5 -- 1.B.2 Air quality engineering 8 -- 1.B.3 Hazardous waste management 10 -- 1.C.1 Concentrations and other units of measure 12 -- 1.C.2 Material balance 15 -- 1.C.3 Factors governing contaminant concentrations 17 -- 1.C.4 Engineering analysis 18 -- 1.C.5 Control opportunities 19 -- 1.C.6 Environmental regulations 20 -- 1.C.7 Precision and accuracy 21 -- 1.C.8 Magnitudes: Length scales and characteristic times 22 -- 2 Water, Air, and Their Impurities 30 -- 2.A Water and the Hydrosphere 30 -- 2.B Air and the Atmosphere 36 -- 2.C Impurities in Environmental Media 41 -- 2.C.1 Gases dissolved in water 42 -- 2.C.2 Water in air 42 -- 2.C.3 Acids, bases, and the hydrogen ion 43 -- 2.C.4 Inorganic impurities 43 -- 2.C.5 Organic impurities 51 -- 2.C.6 Radionuclides 56 -- 2.C.7 Compounds causing odor, taste, or color 58 -- 2.C.8 Particulate matter 58 -- 2.C.9 Microorganisms 65 -- 3 Transformation Processes 76 -- 3.A Governing Concepts 77 -- 3.A.1 Stoichiometry 77 -- 3.A.2 Chemical equilibrium 79 -- 3.A.3 Kinetics 82 -- 3.B Phase Changes and Partitioning 92 -- 3.B.1 Vapor pressure 92 -- 3.B.2 Dissolution of species in water 95 -- 3.B.3 Sorption 100 -- 3.C Acid-Base Reactions 106 -- 3.C.1 Acid-base reactions and the hydrogen ion 107 -- 3.C.2 pH of pure water 107 -- 3.C.3 Strong and weak acids 108 -- 3.C.4 Carbonate system 112 -- 3.D Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 119 -- 3.D.1 Oxidation state 120 -- 3.D.2 Corrosion 121 -- 3.D.3 Combustion 125 -- 3.D.4 Atmospheric oxidation processes 129 -- 3.D.5 Microbial reactions 131 -- 4 Transport Phenomena 159 -- 4.A.1 Contaminant flux 160 -- 4.A.2 Advection 161 -- 4.A.3 Molecular diffusion 162 -- 4.A.4 Dispersion 166 -- 4.B Particle Motion 172 -- 4.B.1 Drag on particles 172 -- 4.B.2 Gravitational settling 175 -- 4.B.3 Brownian diffusion 180 -- 4.C Mass Transfer at Fluid Boundaries 182 -- 4.C.1 Mass-transfer coefficient 183 -- 4.C.2 Transport across the air-water interface 188 -- 4.D Transport in Porous Media 192 -- 4.D.1 Fluid flow through porous media 193 -- 4.D.2 Contaminant transport in porous media 197 -- 5 Transport and Transformation Models 207 -- 5.A Reactor Models 209 -- 5.A.1 Batch reactor 215 -- 5.A.2 Completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR) 220 -- 5.A.3 Plug-flow reactor (PFR) 226 -- 5.B Beyond Ideal Reactors: General Material-Balance Models 247 -- 5.B.1 Governing equation 247 -- 5.B.2 Approaches for solving environmental transport problems 251 -- II Applications -- 6 Water Quality Engineering 280 -- 6.A Nature of Water Quality Problems 280 -- 6.A.1 Rivers and streams 283 -- 6.A.2 Lakes and reservoirs 288 -- 6.A.3 Groundwater 292 -- 6.A.4 Oceans and estuaries 295 -- 6.B Overview of Water Quality Regulations and Treatment Systems 299 -- 6.B.1 Key U.S. federal water regulations 300 -- 6.B.2 Engineered water quality systems 301 -- 6.C Physical Treatment Methods 305 -- 6.C.1 Sedimentation 305 -- 6.C.2 Filtration through granular media 310 -- 6.C.3 Membrane separation processes 316 -- 6.D Chemical and Physicochemical Treatment Methods 321 -- 6.D.1 Disinfection 321 -- 6.D.2 Coagulation and flocculation 329 -- 6.D.3 Sorption of organic molecules 333 -- 6.D.4 Chemical precipitation and ion exchange 338 -- 6.E Biological Wastewater Treatment 346 -- 6.E.1 Activated sludge 347 -- 6.E.2 Trickling filters 355 -- 6.E.3 Anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludges 358 -- 7 Air Quality Engineering 388 -- 7.A Nature of Air Pollution Problems 388 -- 7.A.1 Criteria pollutants 390 -- 7.A.2 Hazardous air pollutants 395 -- 7.A.3 Acid deposition 397 -- 7.A.4 Photochemical smog 400 -- 7.A.5 Indoor air quality 404 -- 7.A.6 Global change 411 -- 7.B Air Pollutant Emissions and Controls 418 -- 7.B.1 Characterizing emissions 419 -- 7.B.2 Pollutant generation by combustion 425 -- 7.B.3 Motor vehicle emissions 436 -- 7.C Treatment Technologies 442 -- 7.C.1 Particle control devices 443 -- 7.C.2 Absorption for gaseous pollutant control 453 -- 7.D Air Quality Models 454 -- 7.D.1 Summary of modeling approaches 455 -- 7.D.2 Gaussian plume dispersion modeling 457 -- 8 Hazardous Waste Management 484 -- 8.A.1 History and case studies 485 -- 8.A.2 Hazardous waste regulatory framework 489 -- 8.A.3 Magnitude of the hazardous waste problem 495 -- 8.A.4 Sources of hazardous wastes 498 -- 8.B Hazardous Waste Minimization 499 -- 8.B.1 What is waste minimization? 500 -- 8.B.2 Why should we do it? 500 -- 8.B.3 Techniques for waste minimization 501 -- 8.B.4 Management tools 506 -- 8.C Hazardous Waste Treatment Processes 510 -- 8.C.1 Physical separation 511 -- 8.C.2 Chemical treatment 526 -- 8.C.3 Thermal treatment 539 -- 8.C.4 Biological treatment 549 -- 8.D Hazardous Waste Disposal 558 -- 8.D.1 Landfills 558 -- 8.D.2 Deep-well injection 561 -- 8.E Environmental Releases and Remediation 564 -- 8.E.1 Site characterization 565 -- 8.E.2 Quantitative risk analysis 568 -- 8.E.3 Site remediation 574 -- A Basic Data for Environmental Engineering Science 601 -- B Primer on Ionizing Radiation 607 -- C Primer on Environmental Organic Chemicals 613 -- C.1 Pure hydrocarbons 614 -- C.2 Oxygenated organic compounds 616 -- C.3 Organohalides 617 -- C.4 Organic compounds containing sulfur or nitrogen 618 -- D Problem Solving: Mathematics for Environmental Engineering 620 -- D.1 Ordinary differential equations 620 -- D.1.a First-order linear equation with constant coefficients 620 -- D.1.b Coupled first-order ordinary differential equations 623 -- D.1.c Introduction to the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations 625 -- D.2 Partial differential equations that arise in transport problems 627 -- D.3 Solving equilibrium problems: Roots of nonlinear algebraic equations 630 -- D.4 Data manipulation on a logarithmic scale 635 -- D.5 Linear regression 637 -- E A Further Look at Transformation Processes 641 -- E.1 Activity 641 -- E.2 Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constants 642 -- E.3 Electrode potentials and free-energy change in redox reactions 646 -- E.4 Activation energy and the temperature dependence of reaction rates 648 -- F United States Federal Regulations for Water and Air Quality 651.

This book covers the fundamentals of environmental engineering and applications in water quality, air quality, and hazardous waste management. It begins by describing the fundamental principles that serve as the foundation of the entire field of environmental engineering. Readers are then systematically reintroduced to these fundamentals in a manner that is tailored to the needs of environmental engineers, and that is not too closely tied to any specific application.